The Effects Of Global Warming On The World - 1823 Words

Global warming is called by some as a threat to all people on all nations while others disregard it as another publicity stunt by the media. Research tends to indicate that humans have caused most of the past century s warming by releasing heat-trapping gases as we power our modern lives. The result is global warming with the weather patterns shifting and glaciers melting, the world we know today is slowly dissipating as these changes bring about dramatic consequences for all on the planet including humans and other animals. There have been many claims about the seriousness of global warming as well as the root cause of the problem. While there are are well-founded claims, others are completely fallacious. One of the main claims asserted†¦show more content†¦The current warming trend is of particular significance because most of it is very likely human-induced and proceeding at a rate that is unprecedented in the past 1,300 years. Global sea level rose about 17 centimeters (6.7 inches) in the last century demonstrating the warmness of the planets. As temperatures rise, the ice melts more quickly and this melted ice contributes to the increasing water levels. The rate in the last decade, however, is nearly double that of the last century. All three major global surface temperature reconstructions show that Earth has warmed since 1880. Most of this warming has occurred since the 1970s, with the 20 warmest years having occurred since 1981 and with all 10 of the warmest years occurring in the past 12 years. This clearly demonstrates that the warming trend is pervasive and evident throughout the world. The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (a bout 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of 0.302 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969. More heat has been absorbed because it does not leave the atmosphere and thus the temperatures have risen. The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass illustrating that the temperature has increased with more heat and sunlight with a direct impact. Data from NASA s Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment show Greenland lost 150 to 250 cubic kilometers (36 to 60 cubic miles) of ice per year

Essentials of Business Communication Essay Example

Essays on Essentials of Business Communication Essay The paper â€Å"Essentials of Business Communication" is a  breathtaking example of an essay on communication. Written communication is a method that has been used in an organization to meet the requirement of its users. Written communication is interactives that use written words to clients and stakeholders in the company. Written communication is widely used in an organization as a result of its dynamic nature. This form of communication involves the use of minutes, agreements, memos, instruction, policies and giving out reports on different activities that occur in the organization. Written communication in an organization acts as the source of general surveys, data, articles, books, references, search-engines, records that organizations usually use for planning of their operations (BoveÃŒ e Thill, 2000). There are other resources that are used in written communication to obtain and pass information to the users. Published sources as part of written communication include news papers, financial, trade and magazines, directories and technical manuals. Defined by different context business information it helps a business to know its environment better.Nestle company has been able to benefit from written communication; it has been able to expand the communication to online business networking using weblogs, message boards and social networks such as Twitter and Facebook. Nestle Company has recorded positive results as a result of communication with its clients. According to the full-year result information, Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s operations grew in all business and regions, the brand has increased its competitive advantage, the company has shown the discipline in the portfolio of its products and cash management. Additionally, the company has improved its margins and enhanced the underlying EPS in the constant currency (BoveÃŒ e Thill, 2000). This can be proved through the graphs belowFrom the above graph, Nestle Company records a higher revenue compared to fi rms operating within the same industry. The company has lead in revenue since 2009. One of the factors attributing to its success is its solid and profound communication mechanism. The company has also an upward trending payout ratio. Another factor contributing to its success is the company’s visual communication.Visual communication is a form of communication that occurs directly, face-to-face between two or more individuals in an organization. Face-to-face communication entails discussions, presentations meetings, and speeches. Verbal communication in Nestle Company has enabled improvement with communication mainly intended to do more with listening to the users as they mainly deal with the audience (Guffey Loewy, 2010). Verbal communication in the organization has been used when there is need of one on one meeting. The communication allows a quick reply to an inquiry that is made and Nestle Company uses communication when there is a need to pass accurate information (Guf fey Loewy, 2010).Multimedia communication is used to present information on screens. The communication can involve the other forms as it can be in written form or through a video clip that shows the main elements of the business. Nestle Company has used the form of communication as it is appropriate for the needs of the consumers as the information is shown in many and various ways.P3. Corporate communicationsCorporate communication in Nestle Company has been aimed at effective communication to shape responsible business behavior. Corporate communication in the organization is done by Creating Shared Value reports and annual reports. The communication aspect enables the stakeholders to see how the company is able to address issues such as their investment and funds (Hartley Bruckmann, 2002). Corporate Corporation of the company involves stakeholders convening. The convening is held in different countries where the company operates and it communicates the approach that it has and i nvites feedback.There are dedicated websites that contain communication on the key projects that the company has. This websites that were developed by the company brings together all the details of the initiatives that the company has in a form that is easy to read and understand (Hartley Bruckmann, 2002). The principles that have been put forward by the company to its consumer is are presented in sound, texts, and visuals that accurately present the product’s taste, content, and size. The health benefits that are indicated in the communication on the product benefits the science of sound. The code that was developed in the company regarding the suppliers shows that the company is committed to designing a responsible practice through the supply chain. Corporate Website of Nestle Company has information on all the policies that are followed in the company, the activities, and principles.Content used in consumer communication tends to reflect social responsibility. The content also reflects a good taste that considers the laws, voluntary codes and standards of that country. The unexpected advertisements have been recorded to depict attitudes that are discriminatory and offensive to social, political and ethnic groups.

The Leader of the Future Free Essays

Running Head: Morgan – The Leader of the Future Becoming the Leader of the Future Andreica L. Morgan Post University Bus508. 91: The Future of Leadership and Management Carolyn Shiffman PhD Saturday, August 21, 2010 ABSTRACT3 Assignment Synopsis Thesis Specification5 Discussion5 Lessons Learned from Past and Current Leadership5 The Essential Leadership Qualities Going Forward6 New and Distinctive Challenges for Leaders of the 21st Century and Beyond7 The Focus Will Be On Skills – Both Hard and Soft9 Hard knowledge will still be essential9 The increasing importance of soft skills10 Interaction and communication skills10 Coaching11 Giving and Receiving Feedback11 The Strategic Process for Obtaining These Skills12 Summary thesis opinion12 References:13 ABSTRACT I will be defining leadership as it was in the past, creating a personal definition of leadership for the future, and forging a strategy for obtaining the skills and experiences that will improve my ability to reach that definition of leadership. We will write a custom essay sample on The Leader of the Future or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many different levels of leadership within a company, but I will use the term â€Å"SEE-Level leadership† as the level I will be focusing on based on this definition: â€Å"†¦SEE-Level leaders hold a variety of titles: supervisor, team leader, project manager, foreman, unit manager, and the like. Working daily on the front lines, these people see problems, opportunities, and challenges. † (Wellins Weaver, 2003, pg 60). Traditionally, these leaders dealt in a top-down management style, with leanings towards team building in order to complete a limited number of specific company objectives. Herman, 2000, pg 76). A frequent initial choice of SEE-Level leadership style will be participative leadership but a transition to facilitative leadership should be expected by any current leader as something they should learn. Their new roles will include assuring an understanding of objectives, providing resources, coaching, teaching, encouraging, measuring, and givin g objective feedback. Independent telecommuters, 9-to-5’rs, and multinational teams working on solutions for global companies will have diverse leadership needs. Leaders, therefore, have to expand their leadership styles, coaching methods, and types of interactions to accommodate those needs. Future SEE-Level leaders need proficiencies of which their predecessors had no knowledge. The leaders of the future are going to be a main resource for information, strategies, and support for their direct- and indirect-reports, coworkers, and leaders. Being a good leader means developing soft skills as well as business skills. SEE-Level leaders must have extensive training in interpersonal as well as handling the managerial issues in order to succeed. â€Å"Like most things worth doing well, leadership isn’t born of knowledge alone. It takes practice, feedback, and careful application of the right skills over a period of years to develop into an exceptional leader. † (Wellins Weaver, 2003, pg 62). Following that note, involvement in an internship as well as soft skills classes will be essential to my success as a SEE-Level leader. Assignment Synopsis Thesis Specification This assignment is a summation of the history, the theories, and the potential applications of the leadership concepts I have learned in this class. I have to not only understand what has happened, but also how it happened so that I can be an effective leader in any company I may chose to work for, or when I get brave enough to go forging out on my own. This is important so that I can either tweak the successes to make them meaningful for myself, or learn from the mistakes that have been made so as not to repeat them. Here, I will be defining leadership as it was in the past, creating a personal definition of leadership for the future, and forging a strategy for obtaining the skills and experiences that will improve my ability to reach that definition of leadership. Discussion Lessons Learned from Past and Current Leadership There are many different levels of leadership within a company, but those that †¦really make or break a company, and who offer the greatest return on a development investment, operate at what we call the SEE-level. SEE-level leaders hold a variety of titles: supervisor, team leader, project manager, foreman, unit manager, and the like. Working daily on the front lines, these people see problems, opportunities, and challenges. They are the most visible level of leadership to employees and customers. They bear the brunt of the responsibility for engaging workers, building morale, and retaining key players. (Wellins Weaver, 2003, pg 60). These SEE-level employees are usuall y the connector between the policies created at the head office and the adherence to those policies in the field. Traditionally, these leaders dealt in a top-down management style, with leanings towards team building in order to complete a limited number of specific company objectives. However, â€Å"By 2010 directive leadership will be practically obsolete†. (Herman, 2000, pg 76). While Herman is off his mark by a few years, his words are on the right track. With a transition from industrial jobs filled with those who needed direction to complete their life-threatening tasks, to a more independent and information driven world, the ability to give edicts with a â€Å"there is only one way to lead – my way† indset is going the way of the dinosaur. Being a paternalistic leader, giving directions and requiring frequent status checks is now considered micromanagement and employees soon leave companies that continue to use this style of leadership. I will continue using SEE-Level leadership, as this is the level of leadership to which I currently aim. The Essential Leadership Qua lities Going Forward The labor force will be more self-directed than they were previously and many will desire leaders of different styles than present leaders are used to. Employees of the future want leaders that will assist them with reaching their goals of self-fulfillment as well as providing a living. Based on that assumption, leaders will have to learn new styles of leading that focus on inspiring and coaching their followers to increase their productivity and expanding their familiarity with new technologies and advances to facilitate that increase. During this time, management will be redefined to nonhuman resources – such as product lines, procedures, equipment, etc. Anything people-related would be called either â€Å"leadership, support, or facilitation, more accurately reflecting the actual work associated with the role†. (Herman, 2000, pg 76). A frequent initial choice of SEE-level leadership style will be participative leadership but a transition to facilitative leadership should be expected by any current leader as something they should learn. â€Å"Participative leadership, with leaders making decisions after increasingly strong involvement from workers, will continue until about 2020, responding to the needs of older workers who still want, and hence need, some direction. Note that the design will be participative leadership, rather than the earlier style of participative management. † (Herman, 2000, pg 74). Facilitative leaders will be those that clear obstacles then let the followers shine – Facilitative leaders will concentrate on making possible the high performance of each of their direct reports. Roles will include assuring an understanding of objectives, providing resources, coaching, teaching, encouraging, measuring, and giving objective feedback. †¦ While receiving this coaching, the individuals will choose to form their own internally otivated teams to collaborate for results. The job of the leader will be to prepare people to perform independently, then help them to grow and achieve, capitalizing on their individual strengths. (Herman, 2000, p75-76). Because their roles will be changed to that of more of a support system than a management system, SEE-level leaders will have to view their upcoming challenges in a different light than their predecessors did. New and Distinctive Challenges for Leaders of the 21st Century and Beyond Over the next few years, there will be several urgent challenges that SEE-level managers will have to face. The most pressing will be the impending retirement of a significant portion of the experienced work force which will affect not only productivity but stem the flow if experiential information as well as extensive knowledge to the next generation. With less than 10% of companies having a formal process to pass along information, â€Å"U. S. employers have only begun to take steps to ensure that their retiring employees are sharing their knowledge with the organization†. Wellins Weaver, 2003, pg 61; Kinicki Kreitner, 2009, pg 105). In an effort to prevent this dearth of knowledge, leaders will have to put into place mentorship programs that link experienced workers to younger, less experienced, or more technologically savvy workers to create a knowledge sharing base. This allows the older workers to share their experience, techniques, and insights with the younger worker s, and the younger workers to educate the older workers in the new advances in technology and innovative procedures to expand their horizons as well. Another challenge because of the decrease in number of mid-level managers is that each manager has increased responsibilities, many times spanning many groups. Independent telecommuters, 9-to-5’rs, and multinational teams working on solutions for global companies will have diverse leadership needs. Leaders, therefore, have to expand their leadership styles, coaching methods, and types of interactions to accommodate those needs. This requires time for further training and development than normally available due to extended work responsibilities. Managing a virtual workplace is going to be more common – potential for less face to face daily interaction with followers or coworkers so the shift in focus will be to results versus following a proscribed process. â€Å"By the year 2005, we expect at least 20 percent of the working population to be home-based†¦ and perhaps even 40 percent by the year 2020. † (Herman, 2000, pg 77). With changes in the way people interact to get work done, SEE-level leaders will have to find ways to build connections between the different stakeholders that they are responsible for in order to have a cohesive unit. Finally, today’s organizations need committed workforces, yet not many have them. Fostering high personnel dedication has become a formidable task, so much that it will become the primary job of SEE-level leaders in their efforts to engage the hearts, minds, and loyalties of those that work for them. Pressure for performance — with fewer resources — has escalated. Values and attitudes about work have become shifted across generations. In addition, employees, seeing how little loyalty organizations have shown their people over the past few decades, have begun to return the favor. Herman, 2000, pg 75; Wellins Weaver, 2003, pg 62) The Focus Will Be On Skills – Both Hard and Soft Future SEE-level leaders need proficiencies of which their predecessors had no knowledge. Besides being adept business people, the leaders also need to be able to deal with changing demographic issues, come up with or facilitate implementation of creative ideas, and have excellent pe ople skills. To be able to meet all these new requirements, the new business leaders need continuous training and support. Hard knowledge will still be essential The leaders of the future are going to be a main resource for information, strategies, and support for their direct- and indirect-reports, coworkers, and leaders. As such, expert power will be essential in substantiating their leadership status. According to Nahavandi (2009, pg 164), â€Å"people may influence others because of special expertise, knowledge, information, or skills that others need. People listen to the experts, follow their advice, and accept their recommendations. † As a new SEE-level leader, having the formal training for a position is a good start, however actual experience makes for a better teacher. Like most things worth doing well, leadership isn’t born of knowledge alone. It takes practice, feedback, and careful application of the right skills over a period of years to develop into an exceptional leader. † (Wellins Weaver, 2003, pg 62). With this in mind, many companies need to either implement or strengthen mentoring, internship, and appr enticeship programs within their companies in order to foster an environment of inclusion versus exclusion as well as provide necessary job experience, which is key to attracting and retaining top talent, building employee commitment, and encouraging creativity and innovation. Nahavandi indicates that the ability to either volunteer for or be assigned to â€Å"challenging and high-visibility projects† (2009, pg 165), as well as building a wide-ranging network of relationships and using information and building expertise will help build credibility during the early stages of a â€Å"young† leader’s career. However, knowing the business backwards and forwards will do no good if I am not able to translate that knowledge into useful communication to those following me in a way they can understand. Knowing soft-skills comes into play at this point. The increasing importance of soft skills Being a good leader means developing soft skills as well as business skills. SEE-level leaders must have extensive training in interpersonal as well as handling the managerial issues in order to succeed. During the 2009 study â€Å"Leadership Developmental Needs–A System for Identifying Them†, Takala, Winegar, and Kuusela determined that developmental areas that current and future leaders needed to enhance and expand their proficiencies in were related to Interaction, Coaching, and Giving and Receiving Feedback Interaction and communication skills When communicating w/your coworkers or subordinates, the ability to share information and interact are key factors in being successful. Learning to share information effectively is a two part mission, first to understand and then to be understood. The goal is to improve mutual understanding (Runion, 2009b), so a good communicator will become a reflective listener by listening for meaning and checking with the speaker to see that a statement has been correctly heard and understood before communicating further. There are classes and books available that teach communication skills, but no matter how it is done, â€Å"communication skill training is never complete without analyzing communication styles and learning how to communicate effectively with different personality tendencies† (Runion, 2009a). Coaching The area of coaching involves enhancing skills that inspire, energize, and develop subordinates, coworkers, and the leader themselves. Callan (2007) suggests that two key traits are common in good coaches that can be learned and developed. One element is the willingness to create an environment where staff feels inspired and empowered to try new things, even to the point of failure, and using these opportunities to give advice, coaching or mentoring to help expand expertise. The other is that good coaches actively seek out, encourage, reward, and develop talent by identifying and implementing programs and activities that either build on current skills or give development where skills are lacking. Giving and Receiving Feedback The area of coaching leads to the area of giving feedback, either in regards to the coaching provided or in general, sometimes to non-performers or in response to conflict management. Per Callan (2007), one of the traits needed to provide good feed back is the ability to deal effectively with under performers by delivering appropriate forms of feedback based on the individual’s communication and learning styles and needs. Providing numbers in regards to dollars lost by doing something incorrectly to a person who cares about the human factor would be inappropriate and ineffective, but providing information on how action or inaction will affect others in regards to frustration and time spent correcting the mistakes will usually spur the desired response. By doing this, it promotes a trusting relationship that makes staff feel valued and more receptive to coaching and feedback because their needs are taken into account. In addition, when providing feedback, the ability to make a point of acknowledging good performance as well as pointing out poor performance promotes the understanding that management is not always looking for the problems, but the solutions and good things as well. With a trusting atmosphere, staff is encouraged to learn more or produce more innovative products, technologies, and systems. The Strategic Process for Obtaining These Skills By knowing the different areas that I must focus on, I can utilize all of the resources available to obtain the skills I see as being necessary to become a SEE-level leader. My current company has several leadership training courses in order to do things â€Å"The APAC Way†, and they have created new positions called â€Å"Advisors† as a mentorship/job shadowing option in preparation for internal career advancement for many different positions. Outside of the those options sponsored by my company, I will have to continue seeking opportunities to read books, journals, and pamphlets as well as attend seminars and classes on communication skills, providing feedback, and other aspects of leadership in order to stay abreast of changing trends. Summary thesis opinion By giving a brief summation of the history, the theories, and the potential applications of the leadership concepts I have learned in this class, I have recognized and understand what changes have happened in leadership. I have also examined what competencies I have to achieve so that I can be an effective leader in any company I may chose to work for, or when I get brave enough to go forging out on my own. My definition of leadership has been one of facilitating the growth of followers versus one of patriarchal order giving has led me to determine what training I will need to provide that leadership to my followers. Using this definition, I have forged a strategy for obtaining the skills and experiences that will improve my ability to reach that definition of leadership using resources available through my current company and sought out by my own initiative. I hope it all works. References: Callan, V; Mitchell, J; Clayton, B; Smith, L National Centre for Vocational Education Research. (2007). A Set of Resources and Tools for Identifying, Building, and Sustaining the Learning and Development Needs of Managers and Leaders. Support Document. National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER). Retrieved from ERIC database. Herman, R. E. (2000). A leadership evolution. Employment Relations Today, 73-82. Retrieved August 15, 2010, from ABI/INFORM Global. Nahavandi, A. (2009). The Art and Science of Leadership (Fifth Ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Runion, M. (2009a). A Question of Communication Style: Seven Strategies to Bridge the Communication Style Gap. Speak Strong Inc. http://www. speakstrong. com/articles/communication-styles/stylebridge. html Runion, M. (2009b). How to Use Reflective Listening Scripts: The Top Ten Dos, Don’ts, and PowerPhrases to Promote Understanding. Speak Strong Inc. http://www. speakstrong. com/inventory Takala, M; Winegar, D; Kuusela, J (2009). Leadership Developmental Needs–A System for Identifying Them. Australian Journal of Adult Learning, 49(1), 126-147. Retrieved from ERIC database. Takeuchi Cullen, L. (2007, April 26). Employee Diversity Training Doesn’t Work. Time. Retrieved August 8, 2010, from http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1615183,00. html Wellins, R. S. , Weaver, Jr. , P. S. (2003, September). From C-Level to See-Level Leadership. T+D, 57-65. Retrieved August 13, 2010, from Education Research Complete. How to cite The Leader of the Future, Papers

Direct marketing Essay Example For Students

Direct marketing Essay Category:BusinessPaper Title:direct marketingText:Mail Order has prospered for decades and it still continues to prosper evenduring the Internet revolution. You still receive sales letters in the mail. Youstill see ads through magazines you are reading. If you will open your eyes youwill see that the Death of mail order has been greatly exaggerated. It is still alive and well on planet earth. Mail order has withstood the test oftime. Although, everything isnt profitable to sell by mail. You will see manypeople online who are trying to sell products that could have never made itthrough a mail order approach. The sales letter is too poor and the conceptbehind the product just wont fly. Many of them are trying to sell products,which can be picked up at any local store. These types of web sites would neverhave stood a chance if they tried mail order. The expenses that went along withit would absolutely destroy their business the postage, the ad costs, thefulfillment, the order lines, etc. The reason they have never realized that theyhave picked such a hard product to sell is the fact that they have nevercompared it to a mail order approach. Through the Internet and the freeadvertising available online, they are able to make money from even the mostdifficult products and the worst sales letters. Even though they are making somesales through free advertising online, what they dont realize is that theirtime could be used much more productively by selling the rightproduct to the right market. Companies could be making 10 to100times as much money by putting forth the exact same amount of effort if they hadapplied a few mail order ideas to their Internet business. How does a mail orderbusiness choose the right product? The first test they put it through is that itmust not be available reliably locally. It shouldnt be something people can rundown to the store and pick up. It should be something unique or something thatcan presented in a unique way (if it is available locally). The second test theyput it through is that it must be easy to target the best potential prospectsand buyers. People do not start mail order businesses and try to sell toeveryone. The product needs to be something that appeals to a specific nichemarket. Successful mail order and direct mail businesses target their market like asharp shooter. Mail order initiativeswould not work if your going through thephone book and trying to send a letter to everyone listed. You must seek mailinglist managers who can help them find specific lists of people who:Have Money. Bought a Similar Product by mail. Spent The Same Amount or More. Did all of the above recently. Mail order goes after buyers of similar products. In other words, mostsuccessful mail order companies or initiatives dont create a product and try tofind people to buy it. They find people who want to buy something. Then, theycreate something to sell them. Most Internet marketers have the processbackwards. Creating a product and then trying to find people to buy it is thehard way. Use a Proven Sales Process:Too many people have jumped on the Internet bandwagon and have led us tobelieve that anything goes online. People have been selling products andservices by mail for decades now, and every single one of them has something toteach you about creating a successful sales process. Some will teach you what todo. Some will teach you what not to do. .ua51e61974c078217e07151b09e7ab6f3 , .ua51e61974c078217e07151b09e7ab6f3 .postImageUrl , .ua51e61974c078217e07151b09e7ab6f3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua51e61974c078217e07151b09e7ab6f3 , .ua51e61974c078217e07151b09e7ab6f3:hover , .ua51e61974c078217e07151b09e7ab6f3:visited , .ua51e61974c078217e07151b09e7ab6f3:active { border:0!important; } .ua51e61974c078217e07151b09e7ab6f3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua51e61974c078217e07151b09e7ab6f3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua51e61974c078217e07151b09e7ab6f3:active , .ua51e61974c078217e07151b09e7ab6f3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua51e61974c078217e07151b09e7ab6f3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua51e61974c078217e07151b09e7ab6f3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua51e61974c078217e07151b09e7ab6f3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua51e61974c078217e07151b09e7ab6f3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua51e61974c078217e07151b09e7ab6f3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua51e61974c078217e07151b09e7ab6f3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua51e61974c078217e07151b09e7ab6f3 .ua51e61974c078217e07151b09e7ab6f3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua51e61974c078217e07151b09e7ab6f3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Misrepresentation of Mental Illnesses EssayThe same rules, which have applied to mail order advertising, apply toInternet advertising. For example:1. Mail order advertisers have told us for years, The more you tell,the more you sell. Yet, Internet advertisers have tried to tell usdifferently. They have said people wont read long copy online. They have saidpeople are too educated to be convinced by a sales letter. They have said thatyou dont even want to use a sales letter on your site. Guess what? THEY arewrong. The mail order advertisers had it rightafter decades of testing theirhypothesis again and again. People will read long copy. People just wont readboring copy. If your sales letter educates the customer and tells them more thanthe competition, then you will make sales online. Good effective ad copy stillworks today just as it always has. 2. Mail order advertisers have told us to use a headline on every salesletter. Yet, Internet experts have forgotten to tell us to useheadlines on all of our web pages. No mail order marketer would even considersending out a letter without a headline. So, why would you even consider havinga single web page without a headline? Mail order advertisers have also taught usan easy method of increasing our response rates by an immediate 27%. All youhave to do is put quotation marks around your headline and your response ratewill immediately go up, because people believe the quotation marks show that youare saying something extremely important. 3. Mail order advertisers have told us to write our sales letters like we arewriting them to our best friends. Internet experts have told us topresent a more professional appearance. Sales letters, which have been proven towork time and time again, are those, which are written, in a friendly tone. Theyuse underlining to emphasize key points, shorts words, short sentences, and apersonal signature in blue coloring at the bottom. This same process of writingwinning sales letters still works online. You dont want your visitors to thinkof you as a big corporation. You want them to get to know you personally and tobond with you. Then, once they know you, they will buy from you. Keep Detailed Records Of Everything. A successful mail order business is always testing everything that they do. Nothing is set in stone until it has been proven in the marketplace. They trackhow much they spend for ads, how many people respond, and how many of theresponders actually purchase their products or services. Every new ad will betracked in the exact same way. If they dont keep the records and havent donetheir math, they wont be in business for long. Just because much of Internetadvertising is currently free does not give you any excuse for not tracking evenmore specifically. Develop a Control and Keep Testing It. When you hear mail order advertisers talk, they always speak of a controlpiece. This is a scientific word, which refers to the sales piece, which hasalready been proven to sell. The goal of every mail order business is tocontinually test this control document and try to outsell it with another piece. Then, once they find a piece, which has been proven to outsell the first one,they will replace it as the new control. Then, the process of competitionbetween the pieces begins again. Do you have a control web site for yourproduct? Have you tested a web site again and again to prove whether it iseffective at selling your products or services? If not, then as soon as you arefinished reading this manual the first time, start testing your piece. Once youhave a site that is making sales, then it is time to create a mirror page whereyou make some minor changes such as a new headline, a different picture, adifferent price, etc. .u7dd3e1bf393f4ce25bcde5f53f7698f1 , .u7dd3e1bf393f4ce25bcde5f53f7698f1 .postImageUrl , .u7dd3e1bf393f4ce25bcde5f53f7698f1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7dd3e1bf393f4ce25bcde5f53f7698f1 , .u7dd3e1bf393f4ce25bcde5f53f7698f1:hover , .u7dd3e1bf393f4ce25bcde5f53f7698f1:visited , .u7dd3e1bf393f4ce25bcde5f53f7698f1:active { border:0!important; } .u7dd3e1bf393f4ce25bcde5f53f7698f1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7dd3e1bf393f4ce25bcde5f53f7698f1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7dd3e1bf393f4ce25bcde5f53f7698f1:active , .u7dd3e1bf393f4ce25bcde5f53f7698f1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7dd3e1bf393f4ce25bcde5f53f7698f1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7dd3e1bf393f4ce25bcde5f53f7698f1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7dd3e1bf393f4ce25bcde5f53f7698f1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7dd3e1bf393f4ce25bcde5f53f7698f1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7dd3e1bf393f4ce25bcde5f53f7698f1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7dd3e1bf393f4ce25bcde5f53f7698f1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7dd3e1bf393f4ce25bcde5f53f7698f1 .u7dd3e1bf393f4ce25bcde5f53f7698f1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7dd3e1bf393f4ce25bcde5f53f7698f1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: One Best Friend EssayThen, test that new page in the same type of medium as the first page. Compare the results. Then, test some other sites. You should never be completelyfinished in testing your selling process. There is almost always a way to makeit sell a little bit better. Think about the difference in profits if you findout that a certain product sells better with a $10 higher price. What if yousell twice as many by dropping the price 10%? The marketers who are usuallytalked about as Genius are not any such thing. They are just peoplewho have tested every possible method until they eliminated everything thatdidnt work. All they are left with is the BEST way to sell their products orservices. Business

Strategy in Project Management A Vital Pillar

Plans that guide the desired projections of organisations both in the short and long-term run constitute strategy. The set plan that aims at achieving business, operational and corporate goals requires skilful business forecasting and benchmarking.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategy in Project Management: A Vital Pillar specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Strategy entails reviewing and selecting a set of choices instead of designing a fixed plan (Porter 1996). Organisations set out strategies that synthesise and elaborate how they intend to achieve their goals in order to realise maximum returns on their investments. Strategy encompasses the management, planning, and evaluation aspects. Under strategic management, formulation, implementation, and evaluation of cross-functional decisions that aid goal achievement for an organisation occurs. From the definition, it is evident that strategy is a continuous proces s that outlines missions and visions of firms, and resource allocation that intends to help in meeting specific objectives (Collis Rukstad 2008). In all these processes, organisations are aiming at keeping themselves ahead of their competitors through consistent analysis, creation, implementation, and monitoring of decisive plans. The planning process in strategic management integrates all the useful components of an organisation by facilitating communication between administrators of all ranks (Bettis et al. 2012). Strategy helps individuals and companies to make prudent decisions on all initiatives they undertake within the constantly changing environment in order to gain outcomes in the most expedient way possible.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Managers, therefore, must understand how to make the plans and targets sustainable to create competitive advantage in the mark et. The entire process calls for creativity as a way of creating unique, valuable, and difficult-to-copy competitive advantages. In this aspect, competitive advantage is not about operational effectiveness, which involves executing similar services far much, beyond what the rivals do (Guinn 2013). It entails executing similar services in different ways from the competitors or executing different services from those of the competitors. Outsourcing, benchmarking, and business process engineering are some of the recent innovations within the management field that businesses have applied in the activities. Outperformance among companies arises from the way they design, implement, and monitor their strategies. For that reason, competitive advantages must be sustainable for a long period. In understanding strategy, managers advance their awareness of both the internal and external environment of the organisations in line with the analysis of vision, mission, and strategic objectives (Gold man 2012). Project managers in making strategic decisions, come to understand the industries they intend to compete in and the modalities they need to employ in the process of competition.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Strategy in Project Management: A Vital Pillar specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the last phase, project managers comprehend the actions that they need to pursue in order to put decisions into proper use. Strategy implementation remains a key process in allocating resources and designing of firms to bring forth the reality of the strategies. Besides, project managers who understand strategic management, planning, and evaluation develop high spirit and commitment for achieving the firm’s objectives, as they become more proactive than reactive in handling issues that require tactful decision-making process. In project management, one has to understand the external and internal environment al elements (Lee-Kelley Sankey 2008) that can affect the completion of a project under budget. The process helps in identifying clear advantages, which are vital in being successful. Strategy determination also follows the same procedure. Managers must analyse the context and environment in which they are operating, identify strategic alternatives, and select the best options after in-depth evaluation. According to Mengel Thomas (2008), project managers must apply strategy in understanding themselves fully and the environment in which they intend to operate. In this phase of organisation analysis, a SWOT analysis is helpful in examining the capabilities, resources, strengths, liabilities and weaknesses, hence assisting in achieving objectives and gaining distinct position from the competitors. On the other hand, environmental analysis helps project managers in understanding the current market dynamics and they use the information to predict future market situations (Bredillet 2008 ).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, project managers are able to know where they have strong position within the expansive environment and where they may have challenges. Clearly, understanding strategy is a vital pillar for project managers, as they have to align their projects with the alterations in their operating environment. Deliberate planning and actions that create successful conditions forms the core base of project management. Project managers have to use strategy in working smarter on projects to meet and solve challenges that may come their way (Kaplan Norton 2008). Strategy helps managers in forecasting for the unpredictable through continuous training and development of new talents to work on new projects that come up. Studying the operational environment helps project managers to be able to prove the value-adding component of the projects. Contractors use problem-solving approach in handling pertinent issues in order to achieve strategic goals and gain competitive edge. Besides, brainstor ming, star-bursting, and reverse brainstorming are applicable in identifying strategic options that help in developing competitive advantage (Calfee 2006). For instance, a firm experiencing poor customer relations needs to brainstorm on strategies that will make the firm register high customer satisfaction. At the evaluation phase, project managers must have arrived at the best project among the varied range of projects. Evaluation and selection of strategic options helps in considering all identified options, their possible negative effects, and benefits. In this stage, risk analysis, impact analysis, and failure mode and effects analysis are applicable in assessing the options available. Proper exploration is necessary for the success of projects through development of strategies. After vivid appraisal, one has to choose on the best strategic options that will ensure that resources are largely spread to offer operational outcome. Mission, vision, and values of an organisation guid e the process of selecting the best options, as they enhance consistency at all stages of strategy development. Consistency with the core functions of an organisation during strategic planning and management contributes to the development and growth of organisation’s total resolution (Blatstein 2012). Strategy development is essential for project managers since the process is not only applicable to development projects, but also to personal circumstances. Strategy is an inclusive process that can significantly assist project managers in their roles of handling difficult and complex situations like coordinating many varied people, completing several tasks in orderly sequences, and spending lots of time and money in operating projects. The success or failure on project management depends on the way one lays out strategies, that is, initial stages of strategy development affect the outcome of an entire project. Strategy helps project managers to monitor the actual completion dat es against the dates of completion as per the plan in order to enable them take corrective measures and address clients’ expectations appropriately. The communication process aids project milestone reporting which informs of the progress of a project by elaborating on how far a project has develop and future expectations from a specified point. In this report, one is able to know what they have achieved and the necessary requirements to ensure successful completion of the project. According to Blatstein (2012), monitoring of projects through milestone reporting relies on the strategic plans. In large and complex projects that have many interdependencies, project milestone reporting helps in simplifying the projects’ status in precise and meaningful way. Clearly, strategy acts as a guide for project managers in comprehending the progress and new expectations of projects that they undertake. In preparing project milestone reports, managers use the projections or targets outlined in the strategic plans. Program managers also find strategy useful in their activities as it acts as a project schedule (Raspin Terjesen 2007). Strategy, just as schedule, will specify the sequence of development tasks, signifying that it is an essential part in project management. Since implementation of strategies transforms visions to comprehensible outcomes, schedules offer basis for monitoring and controlling project accomplishments, offer foundation for tracking the progress of a project, and assist in assessing how time delays can affect a project. Scheduling of projects uses strategy to combine inputs and align necessary resources with the exact timing of each activity. As Porter (1996) asserts, strategy will be helpful to a program manager in resource levelling, as he/she will be able to streamline the timing of activities so that all activities receive adequate resources. Moreover, strategies always prepare for impact of risks in their provisions; this is a plus to a program manager who can add extra time in risky events. Strategy flexibility enables project managers to adapt to the fluctuating needs of the environment, which can emanate from the project team or the project itself. Project managers as planners, executors, controllers, and supervisors of projects have to employ strategy in coming up with a workable work plan that enhances the success of the project. In addition, project managers have to develop and manage the direction that different projects take, and even plan, define and manage the scope of such tasks. Clearly, in all these undertakings, strategy plays critical roles to the manager. Careful planning by Aalto University in Finland has demonstrated the significant role of strategy in project management. In one of the research projects, the School of Economics studied the system of contactless ticketing. In the ticketing process, a group of students also analysed the value chain and interest groups across Europe. In the proj ect, the student had to define the project and its goals as ways of managing the guidance and co-ordination process. The researchers had to make right choices in the project management, and, in the end, they obtained the desired results. A well-outlined strategy for the Nokia Ventures Organisation made the project to achieve its goals of bolstering sales, increasing sales through reorganisation of resources and strategic positioning. NFC Solutions Head of Operations, Sirpa Nordlund, admitted that the study acted as a revelation to them, and helped to meet what they had suspected all along. Moreover, she recommended the idea as extremely prominent, and went on to reiterate that many firms have expertise thinking and brainstorming on such strategies to solve similar problems. The Hickory Ridge Landfill Solar System in Atlanta is another project that elaborates the significance of strategy to project managers. With the objective of creating an alternative to traditional landfill covers , enhancing the use of renewable energy, and obsolete lands, the project had to receive unrelenting initiation, planning, supervision and evaluation. In developing the technology, HDR Engineering Inc. ensured that the project had to offer similar energy to people, but in a different way from the eco-friendly sources. At Hickory Ridge, the initial phase cost around $5 million, and is currently the world’s biggest solar cap, generating one megawatt of electricity. This amount of electricity is capable of offsetting the total energy that the landfill uses or power over 200 households. Through effective planning and resource allocation, the Senior Project Manager, Mark Roberts, identified that much of the funds had to be directed to the initial stage of the project to purchase and install the solar panels. Project management aims at managing costs and the budget; therefore, one need comprehend the areas that funds get used in the project to avert instances of failure and unprofit ability. A cost-benefit analysis revealed that the project brought great value to the locals and the world as a whole. For the success of the project, HDR Engineering Inc. had set clear strategic positions and themes that linked each other in a close loop. Age NI is another organisation that commenced a project in February 2010 to determine the feasibility of using a shared governance approach to make decisions and prepare Age NI’s first Strategic Plan. The Chief Executive took the roles of a project manager, and from the beginning accepted the need for strategic plan in order to direct the project in meeting the goals and objectives of the organisation as stipulated in the mission and vision (Mà ¼llera Turner 2010). The strategy helped in understanding the scope of the research project by allowing strategic intentions to create the margins of the work. The project relied on strategic plans in drawing success criteria and guidelines that direct and measure the success of th e project. In risk management, the project identified a facilitator who ensured that information flow to all departments and shareholders was uncompromised (Nag, Hambrick Chen 2007). The group admitted that risks are unavoidable in all projects, and directed evaluation tools to identify zones that have high potential risks so that future project managers can apply preventive measures in time. Risk mitigation is a strategic option that the group considered throughout the entire research. Designing of strategy helped the group in understanding how collective shared governance affects decision-making processes. When the Board of Directors of 1st Farm Credit Services decided to improve its governance structures in order to create shareholder value and obtain sustainable competitive advantage, the association relied on strategic management to provide directions, which could provide long-term values to clients and owners. The group laid a strategy of enhancing individual director perform ance and alterations of board operations (Davies 2000). Univest, on the other hand, applied strategic project vision in identifying, monitoring, managing, implementing, and evaluating a credit risk portfolio that could help the community banking industry to manage risks. In the entire process, Univest coordinated all the services through a project manager who highly depended on strategic plans to ensure successful implementation of the project. The firm intended to save on costs, employ smoother risk mitigation procedures, and register reduced loss potential in order to transition employee focus and organisation’s commitment. Strategy is essential in project management as it guides the entire process in achieving its intentions. Organisations that have engaged in several projects have acknowledged the need for strategic management, planning, and evaluation in regaining confidence in a crowded market. Project managers who understand and inculcate strategy in their activities a ttain their targets in time. References Bettis, R. A., Gambardella, A., Helfat, C., Mitchell, W 2012, ‘Strategic Management’, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 34. pp. 12-26. Blatstein, I.M 2012, Strategic Planning: Predicting or Shaping the Future?, Organization Development Journal, vol. 30. no. 2, pp. 32. Bredillet, C. N 2008, ‘Mapping the Dynamics of the Project Management Field: Project Management in Action (part 1)’, Project Management Journal, vol. 39. no. 4, pp. 2-14. Calfee, D 2006, ‘Getting engaged: an inclusive approach to strategy development’, Emerald Journals, vol. 7. no. 1, pp. 20-31. Collis, D. J., Rukstad, M. G 2008, ‘Can You Say What Your Strategy Is?’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 22. pp. 14-22. Cox, M. Z., Daspit, J., McLaughlin, E. Jones, R.J 2012, Strategic Management: Is It an Academic Discipline?, Journal of Business Strategies, vol. 29. no. 1, pp. 27-28. Davies, W 2000, ‘Understanding strategyâ₠¬â„¢, Emerald Journals, vol. 28. no. 5, pp. 4-21. Goldman, E. F 2012, ‘Leadership practices that encourage strategic thinking’, Journal of Strategy and Management, vol. 5. no. 1, pp. 4-17. Guinn, S. L 2013, ‘Strategic HR Review’, Emerald Journals, vol. 12. no. 1, pp. 18-27. Kaplan, R. S., Norton, D. P 2008, ‘Integrating Strategy Planning and Operational Execution: A Six-Stage System’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 10. no. 3, pp. 21-30. Lee-Kelley, L., Sankey, T 2008, ‘Global virtual teams for value creation and project success: A case study’, International Journal of Project Management, vol. 26. no. 1, pp. 51-62. Mengel, T., Thomas, J 2008, ‘Preparing project managers to deal with complexity – Advanced project management education’, International Journal of Project Management, vol. 26. no. 3, pp. 304-315. Mà ¼llera, R., Turner, R 2010, ‘Leadership competency profiles of successful project managersâ₠¬â„¢, International Journal of Project Management, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 437–448. Web. Nag, R., Hambrick, D. C., Chen, M. J 2007. ‘What is strategic management, really?’ Strategic Management Journal, vol. 28. no. 9, pp. 935–955. Porter, M. E 1996, ‘What is Strategy?’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 4, pp. 61-78. Web. Raspin, P., Terjesen, S 2007, ‘Strategy Making: What Have We Learned About Forecasting The Future?’ Business Strategy Series, vol. 8. no. 2, pp. 116-121. This essay on Strategy in Project Management: A Vital Pillar was written and submitted by user Georgia Schultz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Levels of Processing and Memory essays

Levels of Processing and Memory essays Craik and Lockhart (1972) developed a theory in which they discussed the levels of processing. The theory states, the more a word is processed, due to its meaning, the better the word is retained. In our experiment we presented subjects with a yes or no question pertaining to the meaning of a word or the appearance of a word and then measured their reaction time. Subjects were then asked to recall as many words that they could remember, results showed that there was a significant difference in reaction times and the number of words that were recalled. According to Dewey Rundus (1971) the more an item is rehearsed, the higher the probability the item will be remembered. Herman Ebbinghaus (1885) concluded that in order to remember and learn items we must repeat them. He developed the nonsense syllable, which is a word that is composed of two consonants with a vowel in between. A nonsense syllable could not be a real word (would not be found in the dictionary). Ebbinghaus wanted to minimize the effects of association that have already been made with words that we are familiar with. Using nonsense syllables he determined that frequency of appearance is directly correlated with the amount one recalls (Lundin 1996). The rehearsal theory states that recall should mimic reaction time in our experiment. The longer a word is kept in mind, the better it will be recalled. Repetition plays an important role in the processes of memory but it is not the only factor that affects how much one can recall. Craik and Watkins (1973) disputed that repetition improves memory. They performed an experiment to determine that repetition didnt improve memory but that the speed which the words were presented. Subjects were read a list of words, but before they heard the words they were given a critical letter and were asked to remember the last word from the list that began with that particular letter. Subjects thought that they could ign...

Electronic Commerce and Internet Law in Canada Assignment - 1

Electronic Commerce and Internet Law in Canada - Assignment Example The researcher states that under Canadian law, a copyright owner has the right to choose between actual damages or statutory damages under the Copyright Act. Actual damages will be the amount lost as a result of infringement and statutory damages can expose Jane to liability for $20,000 for each individual program that has been illegally copied. Online contracting in Novia Scotia is regulated by the Electronic Commerce Act, which adopts the Uniform Electronic Commerce Act of Canada (UECA). Additionally, the UECA adopts the United Nations 1996 Model Law on Electronic Commerce and the Novia Scotia’s Electronic Commerce Act (2000) is nearly identical to the UECA model. In the current scenario, the central issue of contention is whether Melvin is bound by the contract. The fundamental issues impacting online contracting are the common law concepts of offer, acceptance, and jurisdiction. Indeed Scassa & Deturbide highlight the central questions in online contracting being as follow s: â€Å"Is an owner of a web site merely soliciting offers, or is an offer being made that is capable of being accepted? When and where is acceptance made? What impact do electronic agents have on the offer and acceptance paradigm?†. Additionally, Section 20(1) of the UECA as embodied in the Electronic Commerce Act (2000) acknowledges that online interactive forms of communication constitute binding contracts. Moreover, online contracts are now completely recognized by Canadian courts in contractual disputes.

Safety project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Safety project - Research Paper Example The procedure will be based on the present resources that include XYZ’s financial statements, official documents, workplace analysis, and interrogations with some of the workers. Various resources can be used to gather in-depth knowledge about the standards. The companys budget will be used to show the impact of low standards of safety and health at XYZ. Additionally, documents from external monitoring bodies such as Occupational Safety and Health Administrations (OSHA) will also provide information on previous ratings. The companys official safety documents will also be used for the assessment. Finally, a visual assessment will also provide data on the overall condition of the workplace. This step will deduct core standard from the collected data through an analysis. It will provide information on the condition of the firm and the some of the major problems based on safety and health maintenance. Finally, the results will be presented to Ms. Black and other members of the safety committee. Recommendations form the final step that will include the provision of ideas that can be used to change the current situation of XYZ. The safety committee will later review them to ensure perfection and positive impacts to the firms. They will also include a chance for more ideas to be incorporated by other members. In the case of XYZ, being the first safety will provide me with the chance to assess the company through various steps on its safety standards, create a report and later provide recommendations that will ensure enhanced levels of health and safety. The assessment will require different resources from the company that includes the following. The company XYZ has an average of 300 employees that have the right to work in a safe place as stipulated in the corporate charter. However, a close examination on the budget shows that the organization has been

Civil War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Civil War - Research Paper Example Immediately after the war, Northern Union implemented strategies meant to ensure restructuring and integration of the Southern states into the larger confederacy. Historical facts from the war documents indicate that the Reconstruction attempts met stiff resistance from the southern insurgency movements (Jerry 34). The northern confederacy wanted to restructure governance structures within the south in order to end slavery. On the other hand, Southern states wanted to continue propagating and practicing slavery. In the middle of contentions was the black American population, who were enslaved and forced to work as farm laborers by white farmers in the south. In this case, the two parties strived to address their concerns, and this lead to a 12 year of Reconstruction efforts within the south. The entire civil war took place within southern states. Upon its completion, communities within the states witnessed substantial social, political and economic damages within their settings. The war ended after the northern Union defeated the Southern insurgency alliance. After the war, southern states, especially Louisiana became dysfunctional and riddled with social predicaments including poverty. Most white settlers in the south had lost their property like farm crops and processing factories to war destructions. In addition, most families in the south had their men killed as a result of heavy casualties from the fights (Smith 45). Others were maimed and disabled by the Northern Union forces. In this context southern families would experience the toughest times in their history attributed to casualty and property destruction after the war. Apart from poverty, there was a pronounced degree of mental illnesses witnessed among war veterans in the southern region. Thousands of soldiers became addicted to morphine; hence could not be productive to the society after the war. White settlers in the south lost the slave labor force; thus they could no longer engage in extensive a gricultural services. Approximately 90% of Black Americans lived in the South during the war (Jerry 23). After the black liberation from slavery by Northern Union soldiers, Southern farmers felt the economic gap left by slave workers in their farms. At this juncture, we can acknowledge the fact that Southern states suffered substantial damages after the civil war. With respect to Reconstruction, Southern alliances saw the move as an insult from the north, given that the southern states had already suffered great loss after the war. On the other hand, Northern alliance wanted to further their ambitions aimed towards abolition of slavery in the south. In this regard, Southern states interpreted the reconstruction move as an attempt by north to further injure damages already inflicted to the south. Therefore, reconstruction efforts met stiff resistance, especially on the efforts directed towards abolition of slavery. Reconstruction started in the time when Abraham Lincoln was the US pr esident. Lincoln sought support of the congress and executive arms of the cabinet in striving to formulate policies meant to oversee Reconstruction strategies. At the inception stages, Reconstruction started gaining momentum when black Americans moved from their slavery masters, into independent settlements. In addition, African Americans started receiving political recognition, which granted them freedom to participate in elective politics. Despite Lincoln’s efforts in implementing strategies, the president met stiff resista

Essay on the Difference Between Chiefdoms and Tribes

Essay on the Difference Between Chiefdoms and Tribes Introduction The Swazi of Southern Africa and the Mayogo of Northern Democratic Republic of Congo represent two different chiefdoms that live in Africa. The two chiefdoms share more with states than with tribes, a reason which explains its existence within the boundary of many states in Africa. The Swazi chiefdom is situated in the southern Africa in a landlocked country that was rule according to the chiefdom rules even with the coming of the white man and obtaining independence 1968. The chiefdom share many aspects with the state, a reason which explains the absence of conflict that inflicts the two institutions in comparison with the state and the tribe. The research paper will analyze the two chiefdoms of Mayogo and Swazi through the use of comparison with the state and the tribe by focusing on such points as kinship, marriage, citizenship. The Mayogo The Mayogo are people who live in the Northeast of the Democratic Republic of Congo, they used to live independently as chiefdom until the 19th century when the country was invaded by the Mangbetu who formed the state under which the Mayogo were governed. However, the internal affairs of the chiefdom were in control by the chiefs. The Mayogo speak a language that belongs to the same family of Swazi which is Bantu, most of them have converted from animism to Christianity mainly Catholicism. The areas in which the Mayogo live have certain autonomy as the people pay allegiance to the Chiefdom. Although the flag was apparent in the documentary but no allegiance is paid to the national anthem. One of the reason, why the state of Democratic Republic of Congo, formerly known as Zaire is not bother by the presence of the chiefdom of Mayogo in its territory is because it is not menaced by it in addition to the fact that the chiefdom provides protection to its population which the state cannot afford to due to the vast surface of the territory and its vicinity to war zones exemplified by the refuges that live in the country in addition to a civil war that it is undergoing. The Swazi The Swazi took their name from their king, Mswati, Swaziland is a chiefdom that is organized into dual monarchy with the king and the queen at its head, the king is refereed to by the Swazi as Ngwenyama (Lion) while the queen is known as Ndlovukazi (Lady Elephant).[1] The chiefdom is based on common ancestry and fictive kinship, like the state the chiefdom is based on a social contract between the population of Swaziland who accept top pay allegiance to the king by obeying his orders, providing goods and services, and paying taxes in return for protection from outsiders mainly Zulu and Shaka. For instance, King Sobhuza maintained the loyalty of his population by protecting them from Shaka to the extent that he sent his daughters to be married by Shaka knowing that they will be killed once they are pregnant.[2] The successor of king Sobhuza, Mswati, was left with a strong Kingdom, respected and feared by neighboring tribes, with a centralized political system controlling several thous ands of people scattered over areas reaching far beyond the boundaries of modern Swaziland.[3] The interest of Europeans to colonize the area came from two parties the Dutch Boers and the British, in 1865 the two parties are going to find an excuse to enter the country which to provide peace and end civil war. The year coincided with the death of King Mswati which entered the country into a civil war due the rivalry of who is going to become the new king. Eventually Mdandzeni was the king and even during his reign instability was present.[4] A Comparison between Chiefdom and Tribe The tribe and chiefdom have a similar aspect in terms of their value of raiding while the Swazi during the reign of king Mswati acquired a reputation of terror and fear many of their warriors were indulging in raids with neighboring chiefdoms and the looting was distributed by the King.[5] Likewise, the Famous tribe chief Auda abu Tayi the leader of the Howeitat tribe who said that he is like a river to his people meaning that all what he obtain from raids is going to be redistribute to his tribe.[6] Moreover, Hospitality is another characteristic that shared between tribes and chiefdom. Regarding chiefdom, the headman is expected to be magnanimous.[7] Kinship is an important factor that distinguishes chiefdom from the state and put on equal footing with the tribe, it used to define who is going to be married from a particular person and other issue as it is stated by Hilda Kuper kinship by descent and ties by marriage influence behavior in a great number of situations; they determine where and with whom a person lives, his range of friends and enemies, whom he may or may not marry, the positions to which he is entitled.[8] Regarding tribes the preference is being given to first cousins but instances of incest are not absent though rare, both among Tribes Swazi, especially the king who is allowed as he is the only man permitted to marry a clan sister.[9] This network of kinship was kept even when the British administration was in the country, it was only a current move to incorporate the dual monarchy as a single government for the whole country of Swaziland.[10] The importance given to law seems to be a feature shared by both the tribe and chiefdom as the tribe regulates its problems according to its tribal law while the Swazi have a highly developed legal system and a graded hierarchy of courts that coincide roughly with the political structure. In case of the Swazi seems to be working with the introduction of the state while it is the opposite for tribes as in some instances revenge requires killing a person as compensation. While the Swazi differentiate between private matters such as theft and cases that require death penalty such as murder. In The former the guilty party pays compensation directly to the ill-treated person while on the latter the compensation is given to the king as he the representative of the state.[11] Hilda Kuper mentioned an example that would illustrate this dichotomy of law among the chiefdom. It involves the case of a woman called Velepi Hlatshwako who deserted her husband, Alpheus shongwe, after 20 years of mar riage because of his bad treatment of her and eloped with her lover, Isauk Mabuzo. In order for the lover to marry the Velepi he has to pay lobola (bride price) to her family which it refused. The matter is going to exacerbates when Velepi had a daughter and Alpheus asked for both of them as a he paid lobola. This time the two couple became convert to Wesleyan church therefore the matter was taken to different court and in the end the court stated that Velepi soiled the law.[12] The state and chiefdom law tend to overlap and contradict each other, however the likelihood of going against the states is less than the tribe where state rule is absent. For instance, the Swazi people who work in the administration or white-controlled bureaucracy[13] but their loyalty falls under their chiefdom. One of the major difference between chiefdom and tribe lies on the fact that the way the tribal chief chosen has nothing to do with his noble heritage or family instead what matter is his reputation for hospitability, honor and experience while for the Swazi as well as the Mayogo of Northern Democratic Republic of Congo the chief is hereditary position which is banqueted only by inheritance. Therefore, competition and rivalry is major aspect of chiefdom and this best seen during the death of Kind Mswati, that resulted in a civil war between his sons whereas tribal people tend to elect a chief of their tribe based on reputation, which means that once the chief is being seen as corrupt the tribal people outstrip of his leadership automatically by not listening to him. And even the way the tribe vie their chief is different from chiefdom whereby the Swazi regard their king as a father and not a dictator.[14] Marriage is an important institution upon which a the follower of the king is taken, polygamy is abundant among kings and in order to avoid conflict between kings` sons it is the child of the senor wife that is entitled to the throne however, seniority is not always decided by age but by other factors as it is pointed out by Hilda Kuper Among the Swazi aristocracy the first wife is never the main wife. Seniority in marriage brings certain advantages during the headman`s lifetime, but upon his death other factors are considered. The most important is pedigree, and the daughter of a king or leading chief generally takes precedence over all other wives.[15] The Swazi developed a sophisticated system of succession to protect the future king from the rivalry of his brothers to the extent that the first son of king is never going to take his place, Seniority and pedigree play an important role in selecting the future king.[16] Regarding tribal law, it is very different from state law and d oes not tend to be mixed as is the case with both Swazi and Mayogo as knowledge of the chiefdom law and court procedure are part of the daily life of chiefdom people.[17] A Comparison between the Chiefdom and the State Just like the state, the country of Swaziland is divided into different districts. The queen shares power with the king, however her realm is situated in the area of household and rituals. Unlike Western countries, religion in Swaziland is an important aspect of the country that is governed by the queen; it is one of the characteristics that differentiate an outsider from a Swazi. The Swaziland chiefdom maintains its political system and insures its survival by following a system of military fear based on executions so that any enemy would think twice before trying to invade the country. The second way is upgrading lineage through marriage, whereby women play a major role in succession mainly the queen mother, as the children of a senior wife are supervised and shunned from going outside to protect them from magic spills. In other words, the king rules outside while the queen rules inside the household. Even though the country is big, the king insure that it stays in order by dividin g into district and letting local chiefs (sikhulu) reign them and in cases of district that the king does not trust he appoints his brother or his half brother to rule them, a practice used during the reign of King Mswati, when the Kingdom of Swaziland rule over a large territory and have a reputation. According to Hilda Kuper power moves down through a chain of British-appointed officials on the one side and the traditional hierarchy on the other, with conflict centered in a few leading personalities. Educated Swazi, including some of the traditional system for reaching rapid and major decisions, but they are seeking to build on certain accepted foundations and do not want an imitation of constitutional techniques developed in alien context.[18] In a chiefdom both power can be shared with states with small incidents of conflicts compared to tribes, and most of the time when the chiefdom laws came to contradict laws of the states it is usually driven by personal interest. For instance, the reason for changing the Westminster constitution that the British brought to Swaziland has to do with the failure of a Prince Mfanasibili in elections against Ngwenya, therefore to get rid of his rival he found the loophole that since he is a South African he was deported to the border in may 25 1972 and because the conistution was in favour of Ngwenya regarding his deportation, it was also changed.[19] The independence of Swaziland brought the problem of who is entitled toser ve in an office with such factors as loyalty and family playing a major role in appointment the educated Swazi who are not from a royal kinship posed a problem to the royal group and raised their concern over education as a means to secure their positions. The opposite is apparent in the Mayogo of Northern Democratic Republic of Congo. Unlike the British colonies where education was emphasize, the French colonies relied on military people to rule on their colonies Citizenship is an important aspect of defining who is Swazi and who is not, in practice all those people entitled to be Swazi have the privileges of security, that is protection from enemies, they can acquire land; and most importantly they can have the national mark in order to wear Swazi consume which is a slit in the lobes of the ears.[20] The chiefdom shares with the state the concept of citizen and who is entitled to be a citizen? Such a question is going to raise problems in Swaziland due to its diversified population and the changing concept of allegiance, as it system by which Swazi express their loyalty to their king. However, the influx of many non-Swazi who were brought by the white settlers brought the issue of loyalty to the fore as they plead their allegiance to their employers instead of the king, in addition to their different traditions and culture which makes the Swazi feel threatened about their status to the extent of putting the blame on crime on the non-Swazi po pulation.[21] According the Swaziland law Citizenship was a privilege, not a right; a commitment, not a label,[22] which means that factors such as language, history, race and religion come to define who is a Swazi and who is not, therefore citizenship is exclusive and not inclusive. Another problem that is brought the issue of citizenship is the fact that South Africa is home to 700, 000 Swazi people which indicates the problem of the king to grant them citizenship without land support and most importantly the problem of dual citizenship as they are both citizens of South Africa and also entitled to the citizenship of Swaziland, while the non-Swazi who live in Swaziland are not regarded as citizens as they lack the features of a Swazi. Land is an important accepts in Swaziland in addition to pastorals rooted in its cattle complex[23] due to the importance of lobola which is usually expressed in cattles. The land posed to be a problem in 1907 as 45% of the land in Swaziland was owned by non-Swazi owing to the Land Proclamation of 1907.[24] Unlike, its neighboring country Zimbabwe, the Swaziland government response to reform the land by taking into consideration the local Swazi without alienating the white community A major component of the state in addition to sovereignty and territory is monopoly over the use of violence. The distinction between police and soldier does not exit in Swazi chiefdom it was only brought by the British. The Swazi rely on emabutfo to provide protection; they are a mix of soldier and police. However by the coming of the British they introduced police force which was viewed as a rival by Emabutfo.[25] However the role of Emabutfo is going to be underscored due to the regional incidents that occurred in Ethiopia where Haile Selassie was deposed and Mozambique where the socialist Samora Machel was recognized as the leader of the country. These events prompted Swaziland to develop an army by relying on emabutfo. [26] Conclusion To conclude, the chiefdom share many point with tribes and states. however, the fact it has many point to share with the state that the tribe make it adaptable to survive even within the boundary of the state because it does not threat the establishment of the state. It shares with the state the social contract under which the population pays loyalty through obedience and taxes in return for protection. And unlike the tribe the chiefdom does not have the problem of minority group. Because even in their meeting not everybody in the chiefdom is invited in the secret meetings save the elders, whereas in a tribal society every person who is an adult has a saying that the chief has to take into consideration as he has the power to influence decision making but to the extent of making an order. Bibliography Chief Anga Ganga Kangolo Lost Kingdoms. Discovery Channel, 1988. Kuper, Hilda. The Swazi: a South African Kingdom. Mason, Ohio: Cenage Learning, 2002. Lawrence of Arabia, DVD, Directed by David Lean. 1962.

Design, Ecology, and Ethics Essay -- Environment Ecology Essays Papers

Design, Ecology, and Ethics â€Å"We need to design institutions (and cars and homes and toothbrushes, etc.) that make it easy for people to be good.† (Jim Farrell) Right now, if someone in America wants to be good to the earth and good to future generations, it’s hard. It’s expensive to purchase local, organic food. In the suburbs, to get to work and practice and the store and back home again on a schedule without a car is tricky if not impossible. To think about how and where and by whom nearly 100% of products in Target are made is to most certainly become ashamed. It’s disheartening to watch tax dollars go to funding war in far away lands and, as McDonough says, on future generations. And why is it that the majority of restaurants we have to choose from degrade the environment and our bodies? This is all because of poor design. American environmentalists, people who act in ways small and large to reduce their ecological footprint, are in the minority because we are constantly trying to wade upstream against the swift current of institutions shaped by cheap and dirty energy... Design, Ecology, and Ethics Essay -- Environment Ecology Essays Papers Design, Ecology, and Ethics â€Å"We need to design institutions (and cars and homes and toothbrushes, etc.) that make it easy for people to be good.† (Jim Farrell) Right now, if someone in America wants to be good to the earth and good to future generations, it’s hard. It’s expensive to purchase local, organic food. In the suburbs, to get to work and practice and the store and back home again on a schedule without a car is tricky if not impossible. To think about how and where and by whom nearly 100% of products in Target are made is to most certainly become ashamed. It’s disheartening to watch tax dollars go to funding war in far away lands and, as McDonough says, on future generations. And why is it that the majority of restaurants we have to choose from degrade the environment and our bodies? This is all because of poor design. American environmentalists, people who act in ways small and large to reduce their ecological footprint, are in the minority because we are constantly trying to wade upstream against the swift current of institutions shaped by cheap and dirty energy...

Definition of Lyric Poetry

Definition of Lyric Poetry Lyric Poetry consists of a poem, such as a sonnet or an ode, that expresses the thoughts and feelings of the poet. The term lyric is now commonly referred to as the words to a song. Lyric poetry does not tell a story which portrays characters and actions. The lyric poet addresses the reader directly, portraying his or her own feeling, state of mind, and perceptions. â€Å"Italian Sonnet† by James DeFord, written in 1997: Turn back the heart you've turned away Give back your kissing breathLeave not my love as you have left The broken hearts of yesterday But wait, be still, don't lose this way Affection now, for what you guess May be something more, could be less Accept my love, live for today. Written by William Shakespeare: Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is h is gold complexion dimmed, And every fair from fair sometime declines,By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed. Poem by Emily Dickinson named â€Å"I Felt a Funeral in my Brain. † It describes a person who is going insane, or thinks they are: I felt a Funeral, in my Brain, And Mourners to and fro Kept treading – treading – till it seemed That Sense was breaking through – And when they all were seated, A Service, like a Drum -Kept beating – beating – till I thought My Mind was going numb – And then I heard them lift a Box And creak across my Soul With those same Boots of Lead, again, Then Space – began to toll,As all the Heavens was a Bell, And Being, but an Ear, And I, and Silence, some strange Race Wrecked, solitary, here – And then a Plank in Reason, broke, And I dropped down, and down – And hit a World, at every plunge, And Finished knowing – then – Nonsense Poetry Nonsense poetry is a for m of poetry that many people are familiar with, even if they didn’t know they were reading nonsense poetry. The many limericks (both family friendly, and otherwise) that people have read and heard over the years are a form of nonsense poetry.The works of Edward Lear are some of the finest examples of the form. So are the many classic nursery rhymes that we read to our children. Sometimes the language doesn’t make obvious sense and other times the stories being told seem impossible or illogical. Either case can be a technique for writing nonsense poetry. Many of the works of Lewis Carroll are classics of the form. Ronald Dahl is another writer who has entertained us with his strange tales. Words such as silly, strange, bizarre, illogical, whimsical, and fantastic are often used to describe nonsense poems.

Obama and Bush in the Iraq war Essay

On April 11, 1991, the Gulf war ended with a cease fire that was negotiated between the United States and its allies and Iraq. A policy of containment was maintained by the United States and its allies towards Iraq. This policy encompassed various economic sanctions by the United Nations Security Council, the enforcement by the United States and United Kingdom of Iraqi no flying zones and inspections to prevent Iraq from developing chemical, biological and nuclear weapons. In October 1998, the United States official policy toward Iraq became regime change with the enactment of the Iraqi liberation act. The act provided for the transition of Iraq to a democracy following the withdrawal of United Nations weapons inspectors. This legislation however did not correspond with the terms that were set out in United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 which basically focused on weapons and weapons programs and made no mention of change of regime. The United States and the United Kingdom launched the Operation Desert Fox one month after the Iraq Liberation Act was passed. The rationale behind the campaign was to restrict the ability of Saddam’s government to produce chemical, biological and nuclear weapons. On the other hand, United States national security personnel hoped that the exercise would weaken Saddam’s grip on power. With the election of Bush as the United States president in 2000, the United States became actively inclined toward the policy of regime change in Iraq. The Republican’s campaign became prior to the elections called for complete implementation of Iraq Liberation Act and the ousting of Saddam. The invasion of Iraq may have been planned since the inauguration with the first National security meeting discussing the invasion (Hamilton, 2004). However, there are also claims that the National Security Council discussions were a continuation of Clinton’s administration’s foreign policy. However, little formal step was made by the Bush’s administration toward invasion despite its stated interest in liberating Iraq until the September 11, 2001 attacks on the twin towers. The rationale behind the invasion of Iraq after the 9/11 attacks has been questioned as there was little to suggest that Saddam had any cooperation with Al Qaeda. Shortly after the attack, President Bush announced the new war on terrorism which was backed by the doctrine of preemptive military action. Why Bush Started the War The Bush’s administration considered Saddam Hussein to be a major distraction and threat not only to American security but also to global peace. As such, the only way to guarantee the global stability and peace was by ousting Saddam’s regime. The administration believed that Saddam possessed weapons of mass destruction and thus rushed to conquer the country before they could fire any weapon. The administration also believed that Saddam was a major sponsor of terrorists and with the 9/11 attacks, the American people were thirsting for some form of action. The electorate of the United States was skillfully convinced that the best solution to the problem of terrorism was to get Saddam Hussein. As such, the main reason that was given by the Bush’s administration as a justification for the invasion was the Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction. Other reasons were that Saddam supported terrorism and held the people of Iraq captive. Another primary motive which was however not stated with regard to the invasion of Iraq was the consolidation of oil resources in Iraq (Holtzman, 2006). A report which was commissioned before the September attacks by Dick Cheney indicated unambiguously identifies Iraq as the main destabilizing influence to the flow of oil to the international markets from the Middle East. The report also indicated that Saddam had expressed a willingness to threaten to employ the oil weapon and to use his own export program to influence and manipulate oil markets. Iraq was a destabilizing influence to global oil flow from the Middle East and therefore United States military intervention was inevitable (Moore, 2004). Within the American grand design for the world, oil plays a major role. The Middle East id the only place that is capable of satisfying the demand for oil as it contains the world’s largest reserves. An increase in the demand for oil was conceived by the Bush administration as inevitable, and Iraq was a stumbling block. The invasion was thus necessary for the United States to guarantee its energy needs. By securing a strategic position in the Gulf region through establishing a friendly and compliant government in Iraq, the United States will not only manage check the OPEC but also influence the conduct of other global powers. Why Obama is against the war According to Obama, Iraq’s invasion without any clear rationale and without strong international support had the capacity to lead to instability not only in Iraq but also in the Middle East (Ambinder, 2007). The invasion, according to him, would fuel sectarian warfare. The Sunnis, having been empowered by Saddam, were likely to discover that they were the targets of Shia radicals who sought for revenge for the way that they were treated and power to control Iraq’s future. Iraq’s insurgency will thus be inspired, not only by the desire to kill the Americans but also by the ambition to be in power when the United States leaves. Obama also opposed the war because he envisioned a situation whereby the attacks would increase leading to the death of more American young people. The difference between Obama and Bush with regard to Iraqi war became clear in 2007. The year marked a critical turning point in the war in Iraq. It was during this period that Iraq sunk into a state of savage sectarian chaos with three thousand civilians dying every month. It was also during this period that the American people lost hope in the war and were thus prepared to bring the troops back to America. However, instead of letting the soldiers go back to America, a move that was favored by both Republicans and Democrats, Bush ordered a troop surge to ease the violence, suppress al Qaeda in Iraq and set the stage for political reconciliation. Obama had much to say concerning this issue, predicting that the surge would not be effective (Stone, 2009). Obama was not convinced that the twenty thousand additional troops would not solve the sectarian violence in Iraq. According to him, the effect will instead be reversed (Obama, 2002). This move, in his view, would not solve the long term political strife between the ethnic and religious groups in Iraq. Obama believed that strategic defense is a much more preferable approach to the entire war, an idea that many people seem to agree with. He opposed the war on the premise that the United states did not know how much it was going to cost, what the exit strategy would be and how the invasion itself will affect the relationship of the United States with the rest of the world. Again, he doubted the soundness of the American intelligence and held that capturing Bin Laden ought to have been the priority. Obama felt that because Al Qaeda had not been put to rest, it may act as distraction. Obama conceived of the invasion of Iraq unwise use of the military. According to him, the invasion brought more problems than solutions as more and more money was being used, more American soldiers were being killed and Al Qaeda had grown stronger. With regard to the reduction of the surge due to the deployment of more troops, Obama felt that it the reduction of violence was mainly as a result of the sacrifice by the soldiers. According to Obama, the Bush administration’s judgment concerning the length of the war, the conception of America by the Iraqis as the liberator and the view that there was no history of violence between the Shiite and the Sunni were all wrong. Obama referred to the war in Iraq as a dangerous distraction. His view is that central front in the war on terror was never Iraq but the terrorist themselves. As such, his position is that the terrorists should be attacked directly. His new strategy has therefore been to directly fight Al Qaeda in Afghanistan and Pakistan. His first priority has been to end the war in Iraq as he had opposed it from the onset. With his position that the war in Iraq was unnecessary, Obama has made it his responsibility to redeploy the United States combat troops that propel Iraqi leaders toward a political solution, rebuild the military and refocus on Afghanistan and broader American security interests. His plan is to remove the combat brigades from Iraq by 2010 and to send additional combat brigades to Afghanistan. The worth of Iraqi war Assessing the worth of Iraq war requires that one reflects upon whatever would have happened in the Bush administration would have not gone to war in March 2003. There is no secret concerning the things that have gone wrong ever since the United States invaded Iraq but it cannot also be assumed that everything would have gone right if the United States had not invaded Iraq. It is a fact that there was a heavy casualty which does not go well with the American public. However, there is need to address what the alternative to war would have meant. Many people agree that Saddam was not the best leader. Other individuals like Madeleine Albright compared him to Hitler, a comparison that cannot be far from the truth in many respects. Saddam had contempt for human life, killing thousands of his own citizens beside threatening and butchering his neighbors. It may therefore be argued that removing such a man from power was worth some sacrifice. A more intriguing question is however whether the failure of the United States to go to war with Iraq in 2003 would have produced a lasting peace or would have postponed war. It may be said that Saddam would have pushed toward confrontation and war regardless of what might have been done. He brutally and patiently pushed his way to power in Iraq after which he impatiently and brutally made himself the dominant figure in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf. In all these instances, he employed war and the threat of war as his principal tools. In short, Saddam was in every conceivable way a threat not only to his people but also to world peace. However, some individuals have argued that even though Saddam posed a threat to world peace and stability, he would have been contained through sanctions and no-fly zones which would have acted as deterrence (Hunt, 2008). This argument was advanced even before the war even with the belief that he had weapons of mass destruction. For the majority of Americans, the question of whether the war was worth fighting revolves around whether the weapons of mass destruction were recovered or not. However, the major issue is whether Saddam could have been contained. Even though the war in Iraq has remained unpopular, the Iraqi people can claim some success with regard to the introduction of democracy. With the help of the United States, the Iraqi people have been successful in establishing the first Arab democracy. This is a major achievement with regard to the war on terror and for the purpose of liberty. The different ethnic and religious groups can now work together in a national army. They have made important steps in repossessing their country from the insurgents that have invaded their homeland. The Iraqi troops are solely responsible for clearing the Basra and Sadr City. The oppressive regime of Saddam Hussein was ousted. Conclusion The main difference between Obama and Bush on Iraq war lies in the objective of the invasion. The bush’s administration saw it as a war against terrorism while Obama felt that there were better ways of fighting terrorism rather than invading Iraq. A sensible argument for the invasion was not that Saddam was about to attack anyone with a nuclear bomb. It was that the preservation of containment would nit have been indefinite and that Saddam was defying the international community repeatedly and that this defiance seemed to both the Clinton and Bush administration to be succeeding gradually. It may therefore be argued that if the Bush administration would have not gone to war then the United States would have faced a more daring and dangerous Saddam Hussein. References Ambinder, M. (2007, April 21). Obama’s Iraq evolution. National Journal, 39(16), 79-80. Retrieved on March 29, 2009 from EBSCO host database. Hamilton, W. (2004, April 17). Bush began to plan war three months after 9/11. The Washington Post, p. A01. Holtzman, E. (2006). The impeachment of George W. Bush; A handbook for concerned citizens, New York: Nation Books. Hunt, T. (2008. March 18). Bush: Iraq war worth it. The Huffington Post, Moore, J. (2004). Bush’s war for reelection: Iraq, the White House, and the people. John Wiley Obama, B. (2002, October). Barrack Obama’s 2002 speech against the Iraq war. Retrieved on April 23, 2009, Responsibly ending the war in Iraq. (n. d. ). The White House. Stone, M. (2009, May 9). Bush 2007 v. Obama 2009? The Global Buzz. Retrieved on March 29, 2009,